Rhamnus frangula (commonly referred to as Glossy Buckthorn, Alder Buckthorn, Breaking Buckthorn and Black Dogwood) is a tall deciduous shrub native to Europe, North Africa, and Asia. It is an invasive species in North America, especially in the Northeastern United States,[1] and is expected to continue to expand its North American range with time. Rhamnus Frangula is a tall deciduous shrub, sometimes referred to as a small tree, that grows up to 6 m (20 ft) tall and 4.5 m (15 ft) wide. Leaves are ovate, 4-5' long by 3-4' wide, arranged oppositely or whorled on stem. The flowers are small, greenish-white, hermaphroditic, and insect pollinated, flowering in mid-June.[3] Fruit is small black berries that drop in late summer to early fall. Individual plants can produce as many as 400-1800 fruits with three seeds each. Seeds are dispersed by birds and mice, but many seeds simply fall to the ground underneath the parent, creating a dense local population.
Rhamnus Frangula is a tall deciduous shrub, sometimes referred to as a small tree, that grows up to 6 m (20 ft) tall and 4.5 m (15 ft) wide. Leaves are ovate, 4-5' long by 3-4' wide, arranged oppositely or whorled on stem. The flowers are small, greenish-
